Types of sleep and characteristics

The dream is a genetically programmed behavior to increase the adaptive capacity of the subjects. It is an active process. It is produced physical recovery and psychic restructuring. Rest is a biologically controlled primary motivation. It implies the recurrent cyclicity of rest periods, interspersed with periods of vigil and with an almost perfect adjustment to the basic cycle of light-darkness.

1. What is the dream
2. Sleep characteristics and functions
3. Sleep tiops

What is the dream

Circadian rhythms are periods with an approximate duration of 24 hours. Of all the cycles the most familiar is sleep - vigil:

• It ranges about 25 hours, but, daily, there is an adjustment to the conditions of the light-dark cycle (every day a subject "loses" an hour of its basic cycle)
• The tendency to adopt a 24 -hour cycle is due to influences of environmental factors (allow the adjustment of internal controllers to the demands). If those factors were absent, cycles or periods of free development would be observed (they would work only according to internal controllers). These free periods reflect the rhythmic or cyclic character of the endogenous process that generates the circadian rhythm.
• The daily duration of sleep, although it varies, oscillates around 7.5 hours. The amount of sleep required by a subject is declining throughout childhood and adolescence, stabilizes in adulthood, and declines again in the most advanced ages.

From 3 months, 2 types of dreams can be observed in the fetus: an active one, precedent of the paradoxical dream and another quiet, precedent of the future Delta dream. He Fetus dedicates 50% to each of these dreams. From 8 months, the vigil appears with a very small duration. And it is from 24 months when vigil takes longer than sleep. During the first days of life, the subject manifests the "polyphonesian sleep pattern": multiple sleep-vigilia cycles for a day, since at these moments, the dream is not influenced by cycles of light-darkness.

The total amount of sleep reaches 17-18 hours (3/4 parts of the day sleeping). From the age of 4, a considerable reduction of sleep time is observed and those called "biphasic sleep pattern" (sleeping twice throughout the day) appears appears throughout the day). From the age of 5, the Dream-Vigil cycle is stabilized in a "single-phase or unifásical pattern of sleep" (a single period of sleep and vigil per day). Towards eight months the vigil appears; Polyphásic sleep pattern.

Adolescence: between seven and eight hours of sleep. Hartmann indicates that "one of the most notable differences between the subjects that sleep a lot and those who sleep little, have to do with the amount dedicated to paradoxical sleep" the very dormants spend a lot of time to the paradoxical dream. Little sleeping subjects tend to be more sociable and less nervous more efficient, skilled and optimistic. Very dorms show a profile characterized by pessimism, apathy and depression.

Sleep characteristics and functions

They picked up: 3 Sleep characteristics:

1. Periodically necessary function for the agency.
2. Presents a cyclic rhythm regardless of external conditions.
3. It corresponds to a situation in which a complete interruption of the sensory and motor functions that unite the brain with the external environment occurs. (It's not correct).

Factors determine sleep parition according to Franken:

1. Circadian rhythms.
2. Environmental stimulation/activation: The more intense the environmental stimulation, the greater difficulty sleep if the subject develops its vigil activity under stress situations, difficulty in initiating and/or maintaining the sleep is observed (the environmental effects are temporarily separated from the beginning of the beginning of the beginning of the beginning of the dream).
3. The time the subject has been sleeping: to the extent that the subject takes longer in the vigil phase, the more likely the sleep process begins. These arguments highlight that sleep is a genetically programmed activity.

Sleep deprivation: Total sleep deprivation:

• Large interindividual differences in sleep resistance.
• It cannot be achieved if the subject is inactive.
• As the vigil time increases, the tendency to sleep increases (greater during the night).
• Performance in short and non -boring tasks is usually similar to that of sleepless subjects.
• Great difficulty even impossibility of achieving concentration.
• Some psychotic manifestations.
• When they are allowed to sleep, a considerable recovery of the slow sleep phase and, almost complete recovery of the paradoxical sleep phase is observed.

Selective paradoxical sleep deprivation:

• Rebound phenomenon: When the subject is allowed to sleep without interruptions, he enters more easily and frequently in the paradoxical sleep phase.
• Exhaust phenomenon: The subject tends to manifest some of the characteristics of the paradoxical dream in the slow sleep phases and even in the vigil phases.
• Emotional changes.

Alterations in the processes of acquisition and consolidation of information. 3) Selective deprivation of slow sleep (phase IV):

• Rebound phenomenon: The subject uses more time in phase IV than would normally use with characteristics similar to the deprivation of paradoxical sleep.
• Symptoms of depression, fatigue and fatigue may appear.

Sleep functions:

• During the sleep period there are various processes that can be essential to guarantee the physical and psychic integrity of the subject.
• The dream has functions related to energy conservation. This is reflected in various indices: reduction in body temperature, decreased muscle tone, heart and respiratory rate.
• It has to do with the probability of survival (sleep immobility allows to go unnoticed to predators).

Paradoxical sleep functions: (Jouvet)

1. Paradoxical sleep reveries have the function of programming the execution of the specific behaviors of the species, or instinctive behavior.
2. Development of the nervous system in the early stages of life (long duration).
3. Consolidation of long -term memories (the time of this dream is increased when learning tasks have been performed).
4. Metabolic functions: elimination of accumulated toxins in the SN.
5. Adaptive functions: Cortical activation of paradoxical sleep allows us to be more sensitive to environmental stimulation.
6. Selective deprivation of paradoxical sleep can be beneficial for subjects with depression: if we prevent overactivation during paradoxical sleep, greater excitability or neural activity is obtained during vigil, suppressing or mitigating the behavioral manifestations of depression.

Slow sleep functions:

• Adaptive Paper: Energy recovery and storage to compensate for wear produced in the previous vigil phase and prepare for wear of the following vigil phase.
• In individuals who usually practice sports, when they perform intense physical activity, there is an increase in time dedicated to slow sleep, especially sleep III and IV of slow sleep, for several nights.
• In individuals who usually do not practice sports and have sedentary activities, there are various effects. One of the most notable is the reduction of latency to start the sleep period. The quality of sleep and positive effects on the general functioning of the individual seem to depend on Delta's sleep phases (III and IV).
• The time spent on the slow sleep IV, is practically the same in subjects that sleep little as in which they sleep a lot; The difference between both types of subjects is related to the time they dedicate to paradoxical sleep and the phases II of the slow sleep.
• Therefore, slow sleep is important for the physical and psychological well -being of the subject, and for its adaptive functioning.

Sleep tiops

Slow or liabilities: without movements Fast Ocular (NMOR). Paradoxical dream: with rapid eye movements (mor).

Sleep phases and its characteristics characteristic phases

• (I) Slow sleep - Somnolence - Encephalogram Waves Discontinuas Starting rhythms with Theta Waves (2-7 -c/s), sporadically waves B.
• II) Slow sleep - Surface sleep - The most abundant theta waves, some slower rhythms Delta (0.5-2 c/s). - Progressive decrease in muscle tone can be seen
• Iii) Slow sleep - Medium sleep - considerable increase in delta waves that occupies between 20% and 50% of the EEG - muscle activity continues to decrease
• IV) Slow sleep - deep sleep - Delta Wave Predomination (+ 50%). - Muscular activity even less paradoxical dream - abrupt change in EEG. Signs of sleep I appear - Electroencephalographic deincronization appears -Saradoxically while this manifestation of cortical activity occurs a deep loss of muscle tone

Slow sleep: During the slow sleep there are an EEG wave synchronization; Changes related to the predominance and functional control of the parasympathetic autonomous SN: its operation entails energy storage (reduction of the heart rate, of the TA, of the basal temperature, of the tear secretion and myosis). The reveries are conceptual, rational

Paradoxical dream: Predominance of the sympathetic autonomous system; It involves energy consumption (increased ta, heart rate, cerebral blood flow, oxygen consumption).

It is produced:

• Decronation of the EEG
• Rapid eye movements
• Frequent erections in men
• Bruxism appearance (rubbing)
• Loss of muscle tone (some contractions of the muscles of face and limbs)
• Subjective perception of time, quite close to the real course of the same.

If you are awakened during this phase, the content of the reverie can be reported (reveries with argument and connection predominantly perceptual and emotional; more intense as the dream progresses). Cognitive restructuring and programming processes. The reveries occur, mainly in the paradoxical sleep phase, although also in other phases. Those that are located at the beginning of the dream, have quite similar to vigil fantasies. In the Mor phase They tend to be more intense as the sleep phase progresses. Criteria for detecting in what kind of sleep is a subject (Ardila):

1. Magnitude of the stimulus Able to awaken the subject (response threshold). As the paradoxical sleep phase is approaching, the greater the response threshold. This relationship is modified, when the stimulus is relevant or significant for the subject (emphasizes the consideration of sleep as an active process).
2. Electroencephalographic record: In the slow sleep there is a certain synchronization (low frequency and high voltage waves), while in the paradoxical sleep phase there is a sharp deincronization.
3. Vegetative activity: Functional predominance of parasympathetic activity during slow and sympathetic sleep during paradoxical dream.

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